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Education and Youth Pathways Under Organized Crime

Martín Vanegas-Arias

Santiago Tobón

Youth homicide in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) reaches rates more than ten times those of Europe and Central Asia. Educational exclusion during adolescence remains disproportionately high in the same LAC countries where organized crime actively recruits young people. This policy document reviews experimental and quasi-experimental evidence on education and youth-development interventions that affect violent and antisocial outcomes, and assesses whether these findings can inform prevention strategies in organized-crime contexts. We organize the evidence around three mechanisms—human capital accumulation, peer-network effects, and self-regulation—and trace how each operates across the life cycle: early childhood, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Findings include: (i) targeted cognitive behavioral therapy programs reduce violent-crime arrests among high-risk adolescents; (ii) restorative justice practices in schools lower arrests and suspensions without increasing disorder; (iii) compulsory schooling reforms and dropout prevention reduce incarceration for marginal students; and (iv) conditional transfers that keep children in school offset early entry into illegal labor markets. Most of this evidence measures general criminal justice outcomes rather than organized-crime-specific outcomes such as recruitment, persistence, or exit. We identify the conditions under which extrapolation from general crime to organized crime contexts strengthens or weakens, and we propose a prioritized policy package that combines attendance incentives, high-dosage tutoring, behavioral skills training, and school climate reform. Education interventions can shrink the pool of adolescents vulnerable to recruitment and reduce violent behavior, but they cannot substitute for action on territorial control, corruption, or the profitability of illegal markets. Effective prevention requires education strategies embedded in broader security and institutional frameworks

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